First the Facts

• Balanitis is a condition which can cause inflammation of the end of the penis (the glans)
• The penis may appear red and feel sore
• It is usually caused by poor hygiene, infection, allergy or skin irritants
• Treatment is based on the underlying cause

What Causes Balanitis?

• Possible causes of balanitis are:
  • A build-up of yeast infection, urine, skin cells or other debris under the foreskin
  • An allergic reaction to a soap, washing powder or washing products
  • An allergy to condoms
  • Phimosis – a condition where the foreskin is tight and does not pull back over the glans
  • Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
• It is common and can occur at any age. It is more common under 4 years of age, and in those who are uncircumcised.

How Will I Know If I Have Balanitis?

• The penis will appear red and inflamed and may feel itchy or sore.
• There may also be a discharge or an offensive smell.
• In some cases, the cause can be diagnosed by the appearance of the penis. For example, the inflammation caused by yeast build-up looks quite typical.

How Can I Protect Myself?

• Washing the penis each day with water and a bland soap, this includes pulling the foreskin back whilst washing
• If you have a foreskin, this includes pulling the foreskin back whilst washing and ensuring it is dry before putting the foreskin back
• Make sure the penis is dry before putting on underwear
• If balanitis is due to an allergy, identify and avoid allergens or irritants causing the symptoms
• Condom use can help to protect against STIs

Where and When Can I Get a Test?

• If the doctor is not able to diagnose the cause of balanitis by the appearance of the penis, then a further test may be needed
• A swab (small cotton bud) may be used to take a sample from the tip of the penis to test for bacteria or yeast
• A test for diabetes may be needed if this underlying condition is suspected
• An STI test might be needed (swab or urine test)
• Rarely, a biopsy (a small sample of tissue) might be needed if the appearances are unusual or do not respond to treatment

What Happens If I Have Balanitis?

• The following advice is relevant for balanitis regardless of the cause:
  • Avoid soap when inflammation is present
  • Emollients (moisturising cream or ointment) can be used to wash in place of soap
  • Use warm water to clean the penis and dry gently
• Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause:
  • Yeast infection is treated by anti-yeast cream or tablets
  • Antibiotics are used if the cause is bacterial (including certain STIs)
  • A steroid cream can help reduce inflammation caused by allergies or irritants
• In severe cases, or cases that do not respond to treatment, circumcision (surgical removal of the foreskin) might be recommended

Written by Dr Nikki Kersey and Dr Paula Briggs
Reviewed and edited by Dr David Rook
Last updated: June 2025